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2021/12/25
（1）表語從句
1． 定義：用作表語的從句叫做表語從句。
2． 構成：關聯詞+簡單句
3． 引導表語從句的關聯詞的種類：
(1) 從屬連詞that。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。
(2) 從屬連詞whether, as, as if。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起來還與十年前一樣。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 問題是他們是否能幫我們。
註：從屬連詞if一般不用來引導表語從句，但as if卻可引導表語從句，如：
All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday.
這都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一樣。
能跟表語從句的謂語動詞一般為系動詞be, seem, look等。如：
It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起來天要下雨了。
(3)連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。
The question is how he did it. 問題是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了閣樓乾的。
解釋：
1． 連詞because可引導表語從句。如：
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想這是因為你做得太多。
2． 在一些表示「建議、勸說、命令」的名詞後面的表語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。should+動詞原形表示，should可省略。如：
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建議是我們明天一早就出發。
（2）主語從句
1． 定義：用作主語的從句叫做主語從句。
2． 構成：關聯詞+簡單句
3． 引導主語從句的關聯詞有三類：
(1) 從屬連詞that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。
(2) 從屬連詞whether。如：
Whether he』ll come here isn』t clear. 他是否會來這裡還不清楚。
(3) 連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。如：
What she did is not yet known. 她幹了什麼尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 這事怎樣發生的，誰也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome. 不論誰來都歡迎。
Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
解釋：
1． 主語從句能用it作形式上的主語。常以it作形式主語的句型有：
A. It+be+形容詞(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that從句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫無疑問她考試成績會很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告訴她了。
B. It+be+名詞片語(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that從句。如：
It』s a pity that we can』t go. 很遺憾我們不能去。
It』s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我們沒贏這場比賽真意外。
C. It+be+過去分詞(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that從句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 據說格林先生已經到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
據報道又成功地發射了一顆人造地球衛星。
D. It+seem, happen等不及物動詞及短語+that從句。如：
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不來參加晚會。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn』t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語從句。如：
It doesn』t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否來這無關緊要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我們在哪裡開會毫無區別。
F. 當that引導的主語從句出現在疑問句中時，要以it作形式主語，而把主語從句後置。如：
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科學家將給我們作報告是真的嗎？
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他們明天不來很要緊嗎？
G. 當主語從句出現在感嘆句中時，要以it作形式主語，而把主語從句後置。如：
How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子們這麼安靜真奇怪！
2．注意連接代詞whoever, whatever, whichever等引導主語從句的含義
Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 來的人將受到歡迎。
Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正確的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你們當中不論哪個進來將會得到獎
（3）賓語從句
1． 定義：用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。
2． 構成：關聯詞+簡單句
3． 引導賓語從句的關聯詞有三類：
(1) 從屬連詞that。如：
He told us that he felt ill. 他對我們說他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已經回來了。
註： that在引導賓語從句時也並不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下，that不能省略。
1． Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and連接兩個賓語從句，that賓語從句放在and的後面時，that不能省略。)
大家都會看出所發生的事情並知道Tom非常害怕。
2．I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引導的賓語從句作介詞賓語時，that不能省略。)
對他我一無所知，只知道他是南方人。
3．That he ever said such a thing I simply don』t believe. (that從句位於句首時，that不可省略。)
我簡直不相信他曾說過這樣的話。
4． We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句謂語動詞與that從句之間有插入語，that不可省略。)
鑒於他的特殊情況，我們決定應允他一段試用期。
(2)從屬連詞if/whether。如：
I doubt whether he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會成功。
I don』t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否幫助我。
(3)連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。
如：
Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
他是什麼人？他是幹什麼的？馬丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he』s writing to me about. 我不知道他要給我寫信說什麼事。
I』ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我會告訴你我為什麼要你來。
You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
(1) 介詞賓語從句
賓語從句也可用作介詞的賓語。如：
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他對那天發生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說什麼。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功將主要取決於你做什麼和怎樣做。
有時介詞可以省略。如：
I don』t care (for) who marries him. 我不管誰跟他結婚。
Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做這件事的方式。
解釋：
1．如果賓語從句后還有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，而將賓語從句後置。如：
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我們認為小王昨天沒來是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不會屈服。
2．作介詞的賓語：連詞that引導的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介詞的賓語從句如果由連詞that引導，則需用it先行一步，作形式賓語。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一個好學生，只是有點粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我會幫助你的。
介詞賓語不可以用which來引導，而要用what來引導。如：
Are you sorry for what you've done?
你為你所做的一切感到內疚嗎？
3．某些形容詞或過去分詞后常接賓語從句，這類形容詞或過去分詞有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，連詞that可省略。如：
I am not sure what I ought to do.
我不能確定我該做什麼。
I'm afraid you don't understand what I said.
恐怕你沒領會我說的意思。
I'm surprised that I didn't see all that before.
我好奇怪，我以前沒看到過。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
媽媽為她的女兒通過了考試而感到高興。
4．連詞whether (…or not)或if引導的賓語從句
if和whether引導的賓語從句可以互換使用，但whether常和or not連用，if一般不與or not連用。如：
I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
用if引導賓語從句如果會引起歧義，應避免使用if而用wheter。試比較：
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if從句可理解為賓語從句，意為「請告訴我你是否想去」；此句又可理解為條件狀語從句意為「如果你想去的話，請告訴我一聲」。
5．賓語從句的否定轉移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等動詞后的賓語從句，有時謂語儘管是否定意思，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動詞變為否定形式。如：
I don』t think you are right. 我認為你錯了。
I don』t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。
I don』t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是嗎？
6． 賓語從句的時態變化規律：
(1) 當主句是一般現在時態時，從句可根據需要用任何時態。
(2) 當主句是一般過去時態時，從句只能使用過去範圍內的任何時態。但客觀真理除外。如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
老師說地球繞著太陽運行。
（4）同位語從句
1． 定義：用作同位語的從句叫做同位語從句。
2． 用法：同位語從句的先行詞多為fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，關聯詞多用從屬連詞that。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
對你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪兒聽說我不能來？
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
德國已對俄國宣戰的消息一大早就傳來了。
註：同位語從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導。如：
I have no idea whether he』ll come or not. 我不知道他是否來。
連接代詞who, which, what和連接副詞where, when, why, how亦可引導同位語從句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
誰該干這項工作，這個問題需要考慮。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪兒去度暑假，這個問題我們還沒有決定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一個他如何做了此事的問題。
解釋：
1．that引導的同位語從句與定語從句之區別
that引導的同位語從句
that引導的定語從句
句法功能上
that只起連接從句的作用，無意義。在從句中不充當句子成分。不可省。
that替代先行詞在從句中不僅起連接作用，還充當一個句子成分。如在從句中作動詞的賓語時可省略。
意義上
從句是被修飾名詞的內容。
從句起限定作用，是定語
如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位語從句，that不可省。)
李先生將是我們的新英語老師這個消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定語從句，that在從句中作told的賓語，可省。)
他昨天告訴我的消息是真的。
2．一些表示「建議、命令、要求」的名詞后所跟的同位語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣should+動詞原形表示。should可省。如：
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
這就是我們唯一的請求：儘快解決這個問題。
測試：
A. 用適當的連接詞填空：
1． It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.
2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.
3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.
5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---- Is that you had a few days off?
7. Word came I was wanted at the office.
8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?
9. The teacher didn't tell me we were wrong.
10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
B. 單項選擇：
1． It was true Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that
2. Does matter much he can't come to the meeting.
A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether
3. ----What are you anxious about? ---- .
A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed
C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed
4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working.
A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because
5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
6. I really don't know I had this photo taken.
A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why
7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can't remember .
A. where B. there C. which D. that
8. ----What do you think of China? --- different life is today from it used to be.
A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that
9. Give this to you think can do the work well.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
10. troubles me is I can't learn all these English idioms by heart.
A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that
答案:
A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that
5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which
9. where 10. whatever
B. 1-5 CABBB 6-10 ACACD
（5）同位語從句
1． 定義：用作同位語的從句叫做同位語從句。
2． 用法：同位語從句的先行詞多為fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，關聯詞多用從屬連詞that。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
對你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪兒聽說我不能來？
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
德國已對俄國宣戰的消息一大早就傳來了。
註：同位語從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導。如：
I have no idea whether he』ll come or not. 我不知道他是否來。
連接代詞who, which, what和連接副詞where, when, why, how亦可引導同位語從句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
誰該干這項工作，這個問題需要考慮。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪兒去度暑假，這個問題我們還沒有決定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一個他如何做了此事的問題。
解釋：
1．that引導的同位語從句與定語從句之區別
that引導的同位語從句
that引導的定語從句
句法功能上
that只起連接從句的作用，無意義。在從句中不充當句子成分。不可省。
that替代先行詞在從句中不僅起連接作用，還充當一個句子成分。如在從句中作動詞的賓語時可省略。
意義上
從句是被修飾名詞的內容。
從句起限定作用，是定語
如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位語從句，that不可省。)
李先生將是我們的新英語老師這個消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定語從句，that在從句中作told的賓語，可省。)
他昨天告訴我的消息是真的。
2．一些表示「建議、命令、要求」的名詞后所跟的同位語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣should+動詞原形表示。should可省。如：
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
這就是我們唯一的請求：儘快解決這個問題。
測試：
A. 用適當的連接詞填空：
1． It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.
2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.
3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.
5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---- Is that you had a few days off?
7. Word came I was wanted at the office.
8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?
9. The teacher didn't tell me we were wrong.
10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
B. 單項選擇：
1． It was true Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that
2. Does matter much he can't come to the meeting.
A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether
3. ----What are you anxious about? ---- .
A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed
C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed
4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working.
A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because
5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
6. I really don't know I had this photo taken.
A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why
7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can't remember .
A. where B. there C. which D. that
8. ----What do you think of China? --- different life is today from it used to be.
A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that
9. Give this to you think can do the work well.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
10. troubles me is I can't learn all these English idioms by heart.
A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that
答案:
A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that
5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which
9. where 10. whatever
B. 1-5 CABBB 6-10 ACACD
(6）不定式的構成
1. 不定式的構成
不定式是由不定式符號to+動詞原形構成，在某些情況下to也可省略。
不定式一般有時式和語態的變化，通常有下表中的幾種形式（以do為例）：
主動式
被動式
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
進行式
to be doing
/
完成進行式
to have been doing
/
1) 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的動作通常與主要謂語的動作同時或幾乎同時發生，或是在它之後發生。如：
They invited us to go there this summer. 他們邀請我們今年夏天去那兒。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一邊讓我通過。
2) 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之後發生，它在句中可作表語、狀語、賓語，有時也可作主語、定語等。如：
She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已聽說過這件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉讓你等了這麼久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本來想告訴你這件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.
對我來說，在你們國家旅行這麼多地方是一件很榮幸的事情。
3) 不定式的進行式
不定式的進行式表示正在進行的與謂語動詞同時發生的動作。它在句中可以用作除謂語以外的所有成分。如：
It』s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，這些天一直幫我們。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假裝在認真地聽老師講課。
We didn』t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我們沒料到你一直在這兒等我們。
4) 不定式的完成進行式
如果不定式表示的動作是謂語所表示時間之前一直進行的動作，就需要用完成進行式。如：
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 據說他們已經在西藏工作20年了。
We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。
5) 動詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構成。如：
Try not to be late again next time. 盡量下次不要再遲到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我們永遠不要再見到她。
6) 疑問詞+動詞不定式：
不定式和疑問詞whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等動詞後面作賓語，有時也可以充當主語、表語等。如：
On hearing the news, he didn't know whether to laugh or to cry.
聽到這個消息，他不知道該哭還是該笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什麼時候開會還沒有決定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
最重要的事情是如何搞到這麼多錢。
介詞后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑問詞+不定式短語作賓語。如：
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 瑪麗提了一些如何學習英語的建議。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道該怎麼做。
（7）-ing分詞的構成
1. -ing分詞的構成
-ing分詞是由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構成。-ing分詞同樣有時態和語態的變化，通常有下表幾種形式（以do為例）：
主動形式
被動形式
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
-ing分詞的否定形式是由not 加-ing分詞構成。如：
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
不知道他的地址，我只好在家裡等著。
His not coming made all of us angry. 他沒來使我們大家都很生氣。
2. -ing分詞的一般式和完成式：
-ing分詞的一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時進行的動作；完成式表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生的動作。如：
Being a student, he was interested in books. 作為一個學生，他對書本很感興趣。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因為沒有努力學習功課，他考試不及格。
3. -ing分詞的被動式：
-ing分詞的被動式表示它的邏輯主語是-ing分詞動作的承受者。根據-ing分詞動作發生的時間，-ing分詞的被動式有一般被動式(being done)和完成被動式(having been done)。如：
The question being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 他從來沒談起過他被記者採訪的事情。
Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老師批評以後，他把煙戒了。
注意：在need, want, require, be worth等動詞(短語)后，作賓語的-ing分詞常用主動形式來表示被動含義。如：
Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
This book is well worth reading. 這本書很值得一看。
4. -ing分詞的語法作用
-ing分詞一方面具有動詞的性質，另一方面也相當於一個名詞或形容詞、副詞，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語等。
1)–ing分詞（短語）作主語：
Laying eggs is the ant queen''s full-time job. 產卵是蟻后的專職工作。
Saying is easier than doing. 說比做容易。
在下面兩種結構中，-ing分詞也作主語。
①為了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主語，而把真實主語放在句末。如：
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作無益的後悔是沒有用的。
It''s a waste of time arguing about it. 辯論這事是浪費時間。
②在There is no結構中，通常用-ing分詞。如：
There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開不得玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史車輪不可阻擋。
2) -ing分詞（短語）作表語：
His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的愛好是收集郵票。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個問題很令人困惑。
3) -ing分詞作賓語：
①–ing分詞作動詞賓語。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建議用另一種方法做這件事。
We enjoy attending Miss Li''s class. 我們喜歡聽李老師的課。
②-ing分詞作賓語也可用在複合賓語中作真正的賓語，而用it作形式賓語。如：
I don』t think it possible living in such a cold place. 我認為住在這麼寒冷的地方是不可能的。
Do you consider it any good trying again? 你覺得再試一次會有好處嗎？
③-ing分詞作介詞賓語，經常用在一些短語的後面。如：
I''m against inviting him to dinner. 我反對邀請他來吃飯。
They don』t feel like walking that much. 他們不喜歡走那麼多路。
He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter. 他去了倫敦，希望能成為一個著名的畫家。
此類短語還有很多。如：look forward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以……自豪）, be responsible for（對……負責）, insist on（堅持）, think of（考慮，想到）, dream of（夢想）, object to（反對，抗議）, hear of（聽說）, prevent…from（防止，阻止）, keep…from（防止，阻止）, stop…from（防止，阻止）, be engaged in（從事於）, depend on（依*，依賴）, thank…for（因……而道謝）, excuse…for（因……而道歉）, aim at（目的在於）, devote…to（獻身於）, set about（著手做）, be/get used to（習慣於）, be fond of（喜歡）, be afraid of（害怕）, be tired of（對……厭煩）, succeed in（成功地做……）, be interested in（對……感興趣）, be ashamed of（對……感到羞愧）等等。
注意：在有些句子中，介詞常可省去。如：
I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外國人交談方面沒有什麼困難。
He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 過去他常花很多時間玩遊戲。
What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什麼能阻止我們結婚？
另外，-ing分詞可以和一些介詞如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等構成短語，在句中作狀語。如：
He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句話也沒說就提前離開了。
Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.
除了做飯和縫紉以外，她還要照顧四個孩子。
On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy. 聽到這個消息后，所有的學生都高興得跳了起來。
4) -ing分詞作定語：
①單個的分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如：
reading room 閱覽室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐車
sleeping car 卧車 singing competition 歌詠比賽 waiting room 候車室
a waiting car 一輛等待著的車 a sleeping child一個酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飛魚
the exciting news令人振奮的消息 a boring speech令人乏味的演出
②-ing分詞短語作定語應放在被修飾詞的後面，也相當於一個定語從句。如：
Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在門邊的同志是誰？
They lived in a house facing south. 他們住在一所朝南的房子里。
③–ing分詞還可以作非限制性定語，相當於一個非限制性定語從句，常用逗號和句子其它部分分開。如:
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.
歌詞一般講當前的工作，大部分是他自己寫的。
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 當她出現的時候，約翰穿著一件又臟又破的大衣高興地跑了過去。
5) -ing分詞做狀語：
-ing分詞作狀語可以表示時間、原因、結果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
①-ing分詞短語作時間狀語，相當於一個時間狀語從句，有時可由連詞when, while引出。如：
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一邊看書，一邊不時地點頭。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些畫，他想起了她的童年。
②-ing分詞短語作原因狀語，相當於一個原因狀語從句。如：
Not knowing his address, I can』t send this book to him. 因為不知道他的地址，我不能把這本書送給他。
Many of us, being so excited, couldn』t go to sleep that night. 因為非常激動，那晚我們許多人都沒睡著。
③–ing分詞短語作結果狀語。如：
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父親死了，留給他許多錢。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
她非常生氣，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。
④-ing分詞作伴隨狀語，可以放在句子的前面、後面或中間，表示主語的另一個、較次要的動作。如：
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 他們在那兒站了半小時，觀察著天上的星星。
Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.
年輕人跟在老人的後面開始慢慢地走起來。
⑤-ing分詞間或也可作條件狀語和讓步狀語，相當於一個狀語從句。如：
A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.
一個人如站在大山的腳下會發現自己很渺小。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 儘管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我賠償損失。
註：-ing分詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語就是整個句子的主語。
⑥「with/without+名詞普通格或代詞賓格+-ing分詞」結構在句中作狀語，表示伴隨情況或時間、原因等。如：
His hair became grey with the years passing. 隨著時間的推移，他的頭髮變花白了。
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 沒人注意，他從窗戶溜了出去。
6) -ing分詞作補語：
①--ing分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等動詞後面和一個名詞或代詞構成一個複合賓語，作賓語補語。如：
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下車的時候注意到一個男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行里跑出來。
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
昨晚，店主在商店裡抓到一個小孩在偷東西。
②上面這類句子也可變成被動語態，這時，-ing分詞可看成是主語補語。如：
We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 讓我們等了好長時間。
Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人們再也沒有聽到吉麗唱這首歌了。
5. -ing分詞的複合結構：
-ing分詞的複合結構通常由物主代詞、人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或者名詞的普通格+-ing分詞構成，在句子開頭時必須用物主代詞和名詞所有格，通常在句中作主語和賓語。如：
His coming made us very happy. 他的到來使我們大家都很高。
He was awakened by someone』s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲門聲吵醒了。
1. –ing分詞作主語和表語時與不定式的區別：
-ing分詞和動詞不定式作主語和表語的主要區別在於：在表示比較抽象的一般的多次性行為時多用-ing分詞；在表示具體的或一次性的動作，特別是將來的動作時，多用不定式。如：
Smoking is forbidden here. （泛指吸煙）這裡禁止吸煙。
It』s not good for you to smoke so much. （指你吸煙）吸這麼多煙對你的身體不好。
My job is teaching. 我的工作是教書。
My job is to teach you English this term. 我這一學期的工作是教你們英語。
2. 高中階段能接-ing分詞作賓語的常見動詞：
mind（介意）, suggest（建議）, enjoy（欣賞，）, admit（承認）, appreciate（感激，欣賞）, avoid（避免）, delay（推遲）, dislike（不喜歡，厭惡）, escape（逃脫）, finish（完成）, forgive（寬恕）, imagine（想象）, keep（保持）, miss（錯過）, practise（訓練）, resist（抵抗，抵制）, risk（冒險）, deny（拒絕，否認）, consider（考慮）等。
3. 有些動詞既能接不定式，又能接-ing分詞，含義有所不同。如：
①forget, remember, regret等詞後面接不定式表示不定式動作後於謂語動作，而後接-ing分詞作賓語表示分詞動作先於謂語動作。如：
Do you remember seeing me before? 你記得以前見過我嗎？
Remember to lock the door when you leave. 離開時要記得鎖門。
②動詞mean, stop, try, go on等動詞後面接分詞和接不定式作賓語，意思也有所不同。如：
I try not to think about that. 我盡量不去想那件事。
Would you please try doing that again? 請你再試一次好嗎？
I mean to change it for another one. 我想換成另外一個。
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 誤了這班車就意味著再等一個小時。
Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.
做完練習以後，我們繼續學習下一單元的單詞。
After a short rest, they went on working. 短暫地休息以後，他們又繼續工作。
He stopped talking when the bell rang. 鈴響的時候，他停止了講話。
While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times. 工作的時候，他不時地停下來和湯姆談話。
注意：有時人們把stop后的動詞不定式理解為目的狀語。
③動詞allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分詞作賓語，不可以接動詞不定式作賓語，但可接不定式作賓語補語。如：
Please permit me to say a few words. 請允許我說幾句話。
We don』t permit smoking here. 我們這兒不允許吸煙。
④動詞need, require, want作「需要」解時，後面接-ing分詞或不定式的被動式。如：
The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 這個房間需要打掃。
These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.
這些小孩需要細心地照料。
⑤動詞like, hate, prefer等後面，如表示一般性動作，多用-ing分詞；如指特定的具體的某次動作，多用不定式。如：
I like swimming, but I don』t like to swim with you. 我喜歡游泳，但我不喜歡和你一起游泳。
I prefer walking to school every day. 我情願每天步行去學校。
I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情願呆在家裡。
⑥動詞begin, start後面，如表示有意識地開始做某事，常用-ing分詞，否則用不定式更多一些。如：
We began to do that job last year. 我們去年開始做那工作的。
They started talking about the film at once. 他們立刻開始談論那部電影。
註：下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語：
a. 當start, begin本身用於進行時態時。
When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents.
老師走進教室的時候，他正開始寫信給他的父母親。
b. 當start, begin後接表示心理活動的動詞時。
Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.
一聽到消息，他就開始考慮一個好辦法來解決這個問題。
c. 當句子的主語是無生命的東西時。
We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我們正準備離開，天開始下雨了。
4. -ing分詞作表語的兩種不同含義：
①-ing分詞作表語可以表示主語的內容是什麼。如：
Their job is building houses. 他們的工作是蓋房子。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的問題是了解人民的需要。
②-ing分詞作表語還可以表示主語所具有的特徵。如：
This story is very interesting. 這故事很有趣。
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個問題很令人困惑。
①–ing分詞作定語可用來說明被修飾的名詞的用途和性能。如：
reading material 閱讀材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 魚桿
flying suit 飛行服 writing table 寫字檯 listening practice 聽力訓練
②-ing分詞作定語還可以表示所修飾的人或物的動作或狀態，在意思上接近一個定語從句，可以表示正在進行的動作，也可表示經常性動作或當時的狀態。如：
developing countries = countries that are developing 發展家
a growing city = a city that is growing 發展著的城市
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起來很普通的房子
a touching story = a story that is touching 一個動人的故事
working people= people who are working 勞動人民
6. 不定式和-ing分詞作賓語補語的區別：
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官動詞后，既可用-ing分詞構成複合賓語，也可用不定式構成複合賓語，兩者之間有一定的區別。用-ing分詞時，表示動作正在進行；用不定式時，表示動作發生了，即動作的全過程結束了。如：
Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the door.) 有人在敲門你聽見了嗎？
Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.) 你聽見有人敲門了嗎？
7. 高中階段常見的帶介詞to的短語，後接-ing分詞或名詞。如：
admit to（承認）, contribute to（捐助、貢獻）, get down to（著手做）, give way to（讓位於），keep to （堅持、遵守）, lead to （導致）,look forward to（期待）, take to（從事）, turn to （求助於）, stick to（忠於、堅持）, point to（指向、表明）, see to （注意、處理）, be used to （習慣於）, devote oneself to （獻身於）, be equal to （勝任的、等於）, be familiar to （為……熟悉）.
高中階段有一些固定的-ing分詞短語，如generally speaking（一般來說）, judging from…（根據……來判斷）, considering…（考慮到……）, talking of…（談到……，提到……）, supposing…（假如……）等，它們的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致。這種短語可以被稱之為句子的狀語，也可當作一個插入語。如：
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 從他的口音看他一定來自加拿大。
Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.
考慮到他是多麼的窮，我們決定讓他免費聽音樂會。
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