介詞、連詞
一、介詞
1. 介詞概述:介詞表示它與後面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關係。介詞是虛詞,不能單獨做句子成分。介詞在英語中用法很活,也無一定規律可循。在國中範圍內還應學一個記住一個,特別是那些和動詞的特殊搭配。
2. 常用介詞的意義和用法。
⑴ 時間或地點介詞in、on、at的用法區別:
表示時間時, in表示在一段時間裡(在將來時句子中則表示在一段時間之後), on表示在具體的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某個時刻或者瞬間;
表示地點時, in表示在某個範圍之內, on表示在某個平面上或與一個面相接觸,at則表示在某個具體的場所或地點。如:
He was born on the night of May 10th.
I usually get up at 7:00 in the morning.
His glasses are on the desk.
My brother is at the bus stop.
⑵ after與in表示時間的用法區別:「after+(具體時刻/從句)」表示「在…時刻之後」常用於一般過去時態;「in+(一段時間)」表示「在(多久)之後」,常用於將來時態。如:
He said that he would come back after 6:00.
My father is coming back from Astralia in about a month.
⑶ since與for表示時間的用法區別:「since+(具體時刻/that-從句)」表示「自從…起一直到現在」,「for +(一段時間)」表示「持續一段時間」,都常用於完成時態;如:
My father has worked in this factory since 1970.
My father has worked in this factory for over 30 years.
⑷ by、in與with表示方式的用法區別:都可以表示「工具、手段」,但是by主要表示「乘坐」某個交通工具或「以……方式」,在被動句中可以表示動作的執行者;in表示「使用」某種語言/文字,with表示「使用」某個具體的工具、手段。如:
We write with our hands and walk with our feet.
Please speak in English.
Let』s go to the zoo by bus.
It was invented by Adison.
⑸ about與on的用法區別:都可以表示「有關…」,但是about的意義比較廣,而on主要表示「有關…(專題/課程)」。如:
Tom is going to give a speech on the history of China.
They are talking about the English test.
⑹ through與across、over的用法區別: through指「穿過…(門洞/人群/樹林)」; across和over可以指「跨越…(街道/河流)」,可互換,但是表示「翻過…」時只能用over. 如:
Just then a kangaroo (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那時一隻袋鼠跑過路面)
There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座橋)
They climbed over the mountain and arrived there (他們翻過大山到達了那裡)/
The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(參觀者們穿過一個大門來到另一個公園)
(7)as與like的區別:兩個詞都表示「像……」,但是as譯為「作為……」,表示的是職業、職務、作用等事實,而like譯為「像……一樣」,表示外表,不是事實。如:
Let me speak to you as a teacher.(我以老師的身份和你講話。)
Let me speak to you like a teacher.(讓我像一位老師一樣和你講話)
(8)in front of 與in the front of:in front of「在…的前面」, 與in the front of「在…的前部」。如:
A group of people was standing in front of the hall.
In the front of the hall stood a group of people.
(12)except與besides的區別:except「除了」,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides「除了」則表示包含,即「不僅……又……」。如:
Everyone went to the park except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了公園)(Tom沒有去公園)/
Besides maths he also studied many other subjects.(除了數學之外,他還學其他許多功課)(「數學」也是他學的功課之一)
連詞
1.連詞概述:連詞是一種虛詞,用於連接單詞,短語或句子,但不單獨做句子成分。按照連詞的性質,可將連詞分為並列連詞和從屬連詞。並列連詞如:and,but,or,for等,它們即可連接單詞,短語,又可連接句子。從屬連詞如:when,before ,because等,它們主要引導名詞性從句。
2.常見連詞的用法:
1)並列連詞 的用法: 並列連詞有:and, but, or, nor, so, for yet, however, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, still,
And: 連接單詞短語句子 。如:Tom and I study in the same school.
But, or :I have a pen but no pencil. / Would you like coffee or tea?
Nothing but除了,只有: I did nothing but watch it.
Or表示否則:如: Hurry up or you will miss the train.
for 表示後面的句子是原因。如: He is good at piano for he practices harder than others.
Not only…but also 不僅…而且。可並列主、謂、賓、表及句子。主語並列時,謂語要就近一致。如: Not only he but also I am a nurse.
As well as 以及,同樣。並列單詞、短語、句子。並列主語時,動詞要隨前面的主語變化 .如:He works as well as he can
Either…or 既…又…,或…或…,並列主、謂、賓、表及狀語 ,如:Either come in or go out.
Neither…nor 既不…也不, 並列主、謂、賓、表、狀語,並列主語時,謂語就近一致。如:Neither you nor he is lazy.
Both…and 和,既…也,並列主、謂、賓及表語。I can speak both English and French.
nor 也不,引導句子要倒裝 。如:He can not play the piano, nor can I.
so 因此,所以,不和because連用。如:You like swimming, so do I.
1) 從屬連詞的用法: 從屬連詞有:after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, if, unless, because, than, that, whether, so that
after 表示「時間」,在…之後。如:After I finished the school, I became a worker in the factory.
Although/though 表示讓步, 「儘管」。如: Although she is young, she knows a lot.
as 表示時間,「當…時」,方式「象…」,原因,「由於、因為」讓步,「儘管、雖然」 。如: As it was rainy, we couldn』t go out now.
As if/as though 表方式,「似乎、好像」 。如: He told us such a story as though he had been there before.
As long as/so long as 表條件,「只要」 。如: As long as I am here, I』ll go to help you.
As soon as 表時間,「一…就…」。如: I will call you as soon as I come back.
because 表原因,「因為」。如: I have to practice more because I am not good at English.
before 表時間,「在…之前』』 。如: You should think more before you do it.
Even if/ even though 表讓步,「即使」。如: You should try again even if you failed.
Hardly…when 表時間,「(剛)一…就」。如: Hardly I entered the gate when the bell rang.
if 「假如」,引導條件狀語從句。如: We will stay at home if the rain doesn』t stop.
「是否」,引導賓語從句。如; I don』t know if he goes shopping.
In order that 表目的,「為了,以便」。如: We study hard in order that we can pass the exam.
No matter +疑問詞 表讓步,「無論,不管」。如: No matter what you do, you should try your best.
No sooner…than 表時間,「剛一…就…」。如: No sooner had I come home than it began to rain.
once 表時間,「一旦…」。如: Once you read this book, you』ll never forget it.
since 表時間,「自從…以來」。如: He has been in this city since he left school.
表原因,「既然,由於」 。如: Since the job is dangerous, let』s do it more carefully.
so far as/as far as 表條件,「就…而言,就…而論」。如:As far as I know, it is easy for you to speak in English.
So that 表目的,「以便」 。如: Speak loud so that everybody can hear clearly.
So…that 表結果「如此,以致」。如: He got up so early that he caught the early bus.
than 表示比較,「比」 。如: Things were worse than we thought.
unless 表條件,「除非,如果不」 。如: You will fail in the test unless you study hard.
Until/till 表時間,「直到…為止」 。如: I』ll wait till my mother comes back.
when 表時間,「當…時』』。如: When they got there, the train has left.
whether 「是否」引導名詞性從句 。如: Whether he can come to see us is unknown.
表讓步,「不管/無論、是否」。如:Whether she is rich or poor, she is always happy.
while 表時間,「當…時」 。如: While he was in Beijing, he visited the Great Wall.
whenever 表時間,「無論什麼時候」。如: Whenever you meet any trouble, tell me at once.