Zi 字媒體

快餐化的閱讀方式和作者們迎合取巧的批量化寫作不謀而合，我們開始懷念「大師時代」，想到諾貝爾文學獎的那些大師，想到那些名著和不朽的演說詞。尤其是當我們在思考「筆者良心」的時候，不由自主地會想起福克納。在所有諾貝爾獲獎演說中，福克納的無疑是最出色的，所有的文學評論家，作家都公認，這是至今為止諾貝爾文學獎最好的演說（沒有之一）你可以讀出福克納最自信的精鍊語言，遞進的深度和啟發性。在創建我的文學領地「高密東北鄉」的過程中，美國的威廉·福克納和哥倫比亞的加西亞·馬爾克斯給了我重要啟發。—— 莫言 他是英語語言辭令大師，但鬥嘴卻輸給了辭彙量一般的海明威。他可能影響了最多的諾貝爾作家，同時也是在國內被研究最多的西方文學家。余華和莫言誰是當代華語小說高度，一直爭論不休，但是有一點，他們都尊福克納為寫作導師。莫言甚至在諾貝爾的獲獎演說上提到了這點。這篇演說的每一句都有著深遠的時代意義Nobel Acceptance Speech by William FaulknerI feel that this award was not made to me as a man, but to my work -- life's work in the agony and sweat of the human spirit, not for glory and least of all for profit, but to create out of the materials of the human spirit something which did not exist before. So this award is only mine in trust. It will not be difficult to find a dedication for the money part of it commensurate with the purpose and significance of its origin. But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too, by using this moment as a pinnacle from which I might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same anguish and travail, among whom is already that one who will some day stand where I am standing.我感到這份獎並非授予我這個人而是授予我的勞作的——那是深陷在人類精神的痛苦與汗水中的一輩子的勞作，之所以勞作，不是為了榮譽，更不是為了利潤，而是想從人類精神的材料中創造出某種過去未曾有過的東西。因此，這份獎僅僅是交託給我保管罷了。將這份獎的金錢部分貢獻到與其出處目標、用意相符的項目上去，這並不困難。但我很希望在榮譽方面也如此做，通過將現在的這一時刻化作高聳入雲的山峰，這樣，我從這裡發出的聲音便可以為已獻身於同一痛苦與艱辛的勞作的青年男女聽到，他們當中已經有這樣的人，某一天他必定會站立在此刻我所站之處。在法國青年的心目中，「福克納是上帝」。—— 薩特Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear it. There are no longer problems of the spirit. There is only the question: When will I be blown up? Because of this, the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat.我們今天的悲劇是，人們懷著一種普遍、廣泛的恐懼，這種恐懼已持續如此長久，對它的存在我們甚至都能夠容忍了。至於心靈方面的問題，都已經不再有人操心了。大家擔憂的唯一問題是：我什麼時候被炸死？正因為如此，現今寫作的青年男女已經忘記人心與它自身相衝突的問題了，而優秀的作品只能從這樣的問題中產生出來，因為只有這樣的問題才值得寫，才值得為之痛苦和勞累。福克納是我的『精神導師。—— 馬爾克斯He must learn them again. He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and, teaching himself that, forget it forever, leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart, the universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed -- love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice. Until he does so, he labours under a curse. He writes not of love but of lust, of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value, of victories without hope and, worst of all, without pity or compassion. His griefs grieve on no universal bones, leaving no scars. He writes not of the heart but of the glands.青年作家必須重新學會這些。他必須讓自己懂得，所有事情中最最卑劣的就是感到恐懼;他還必須讓自己知道要永遠忘掉恐懼，佔領他工作室全部空間的只能是遠古以來就存在關於心靈的普遍真實與真理，缺少這一點任何故事都是轉瞬即逝、註定要滅亡的——關愛、榮譽、憐憫、尊嚴、同情和犧牲，這些就是普遍的真理。除非他這樣做，否則他便會在詛咒之下工作。因為他寫的不是愛意而是情慾，在他所描寫的挫折里沒有人會喪失任何有價值的東西，他寫勝利，那裡面卻沒有希望，而且，最最糟糕的是，沒有憐憫和同情。他哀傷，卻不為普遍的實質問題哀傷，也不留下任何傷疤。他寫的不是心靈，而是腺體。在文學方面，我主要得益於福克納—— 略薩Until he learns these things, he will write as though he stood among and watched the end of man. I decline to accept the end of man. It is easy enough to say that man is immortal simply because he will endure: that when the last ding-dong of doom has clanged and faded from the last worthless rock hanging tideless in the last red and dying evening, that even then there will still be one more sound: that of his puny inexhaustible voice, still talking. I refuse to accept this. I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance.除非他重新學會這些，不然的話，他寫作時就彷彿是置身於人類末日的厄運中，觀看著這末日的來臨。我拒絕接受人類末日會來臨的觀點。說這樣的話是再容易不過的了。說什麼人反正會一代代存活下去的，因為他會忍受；還說什麼當喪鐘敲響，鐘聲從夕陽染紅的平靜海面上孤懸的最後一塊不足道的礁石那兒消失時，即使在那時，也還有一個聲音，即他那不絕如縷的聲音依然在絮絮細語。這樣的說法我是絕對不能接受的。我相信人不僅僅會存活，他還能越活越好。他是不朽的，並非因為生物中唯獨他具有永不枯竭的聲音，而是因為他有靈魂，有能夠同情、犧牲和忍耐的精神。福克納對待美國種族問題的看法對我的啟發和影響很大。—— 托妮·莫里森The poet』s, the writer's, duty is to write about these things. It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope and pride and compassion and pity and sacrifice which have been the glory of his past. The poet's voice need not merely be the record of man, it can be one of the props, the pillars to help him endure and prevail.詩人的、作家的職責就是寫這些東西。作家的特殊權利就是幫助人堅持活下去，依靠鼓舞人心，依靠讓他記住，勇氣、尊嚴、希望、自豪、同情、憐憫和犧牲，這些是人類歷史上的光榮。詩人的聲音不必僅僅是人的記錄，它可以成為幫助人類忍耐與獲勝的那些支柱與棟樑中的一個。至於余華，很多國內讀者認識福克納，便是余華安利的。余華這位心高氣傲的作家，從未掩飾自己對福克納的崇拜——影響我的作家其實很多，比如川端康成和卡夫卡……可是成為我師傅的，我想只有威廉·福克納。—— 余華本文翻譯來自李文俊先生。李文俊先生是國內資深的翻譯家，尤其是翻譯文學性極強的福克納作品。他把大量的福克納小說帶給了讀者，是公認的福克納翻譯權威。