謝孟媛初級文法Unit5 時態 - Retire Note

謝孟媛初級文法Unit5 時態

  

講義P68

• 時態=>動詞隨時間改變型態

1. 現在(簡單)式

• 動詞形式:
  (1) be動詞: am/are/is，表示狀態和存在。
  (2) 一般動詞: 動作，主詞為第三人稱單數，動詞要加s。

• 時間副詞: now(現在)、every + 時間(每天~)

• 使用時機:

  表示現在的狀態或動作。

  (例1) There are many visitors in the zoo.
  (例2) Here comes the bus.

  表示現在習慣性的動作。

  -+

  -+

  (例1) David often sleeps during class.
  (例2) My parents take(do) exercise in the park every morning.

  *math exercises 數學習題

  *play sports

  表示不變的事實、真理。

  (例1) The earth moves around the sun.

2. 過去(簡單)式

• 動詞形式:
  (1) be動詞: was/were，表示過去狀態和存在。
  (2) 一般動詞: 過去式動詞不分人稱。

• 時間副詞: yesterday (morning/afternoon/evening), the day before yesterday, last + 時間, 時間 + ago (~前), before (以前), then (at that time 那時)。

• 使用時機:

  表示過去的動作或狀態

  -+

  -+

  (例1) I bought this yesterday. (buy-bought)
  (例2) There was an old temple over there.

  表示過去習慣性的動作

  *Used to + 原形動詞
  (例1) My father used to smoke, but now he doesn’t.

3. 現在進行式

• 動詞形式: =>be動詞(am/are/is) + Ving.

• 現在分詞(Ving)的形成:
  現在分詞不代表現在式, 只代表動作在進行中。
  Δ原形動詞 + ing => 大部分動詞
  (例) Talk -> talking / say -> saying / speak -> speaking.
  Δ原形動詞字尾有e，去e + ing
  (例) have -> having / write -> writing / come -> coming.
  Δ原形動詞為子音 + 短母音 + 子音 => 重複字尾 + ing.
  (例) put -> putting / cut -> cutting / swim -> swimming
  (例1) We are eating breakfast now.

  *lunch午餐；brunch 早午餐

  比較：

  1.We ate breakfast before going to school.
  2.We eat breakfast every morning.

• 時間副詞: now.

• 使用時機:

  表示現在正在進行中的動作

  (例1) John is watching the baseball game on TV now.

  第9課 講義P73

  Δ表示重覆發生的動作，常伴隨always, all the time, again and again等.

  (例1) He is always complaining. (about + 受詞)
  (例2) The car is breaking down all the time.

  Δ表示最近的未來即將發生的動作，此法常用於某些動詞。 如: come, go, start, leave, arrive…等 (來去動詞)

  (例1) I’m leaving for Kenting tomorrow. (leave是離開, leave for是前往)
  (例2) My boyfriend is coming to see me this afternoon.

• 注意: 某些動詞不可用於進行式中
  Δ表示"感官"的動詞 => see, hear, smell(聞)…等
  Δ表示"情感"的動詞 => love, like…等 (*標語除外)
  其他 => have, know…等 (持續性動作不能用於進行式)
  (例1) I’m seeing the bird in the tree. (X)
  (例2) I’m looking at the bird in the tree. (O)

*(looking at 注視)

4. 過去進行式

• 動詞形式:
  **過去式be動詞(was/were) + Ving(現在分詞).

  **(例1) He was playing frisbee in the park then.

• 時間副詞: now, always, all the time, again and again.

• 使用時機:

  Δ表示過去某一時間點正在進行中的動作.

  -+

  -+

  (例1) We were playing chess at eight yesterday evening.
  比較: We played chess yesterday.
  (例2) Lily was taking a bath when the doorbell rang.

  (bath是盆浴，take a shower 淋浴)

  Δ表示過去時間某一期限中反覆性的動作.

  (例1) Whenever I visited him, he was watching TV.
  (例2) In those days, we were getting up at six clock.

5. 未來式

用來表示發生於未來的動詞或狀態

• **be going to + 原形動詞 =>將要

  be going to 的含意: 表示用於實現性非常高的事，或事先計畫好的未來，強調計劃性**。

• 時間副詞: tomorrow (morning/afternoon/evening), the day after tomorrow =>後天，next + 時間(week/year)=>下~, in + 時間(a few days/a week).=>在~當中
  (例1) I’m going to visit my uncle tomorrow.
  (例2) I have to buy the ladder because I’m going to paint the house.
  (例3) I don’t feel good; I’m afraid I’m going to be sick.
  (例4) Are they going to have a party on Christmas Eve?

• Will(將要) + 原形動詞

  (例1) We will leave junior high school soon.

  ​ =We are going to leave junior high school soon.

  ​ =We are leaving junior high school soon.

  (例2) I will be fifteen years old next year.

  (=>年齡不須事先計畫，不能用am going to)
  (例3) A：I can’t move the large box.

  ​ B：I will do it for you. (沒有計畫性的，不能用be going to)
  (例4) I will not change my mind.(n.心智)

  ​ = I'll not change my mind.

  ​ = I won,t change my mind.

  *soon 不久之後

• Will you~? =>表示請求或邀約

  表請求
  (例1) Will you look after the baby for me?
  -> Sure.

  -> I’m sorry, but I can’t
  表邀約
  (例1) Will you have another coffee?

  -> Yes, please.

  -> No, thank you.

*take care of 照顧