數字時代，戰場無處不在 | 美推「第三次抵消戰略」，中國或成唯一對手

數字時代的戰場無處不在

The Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit is a terrifying piece of military kit. The stealth bomber can fly undetected for many thousands of miles to drop a thermonuclear bomb on pretty much any target on the planet. According to one government estimate, each B-2 in operation on average has cost the US Air Force $2.1bn to develop and deploy.

諾思羅普格魯曼公司(Northrop Grumman) B-2「幽靈」是一種可怕的軍事裝備。這種隱形轟炸機能夠在不被發現的情況下飛行數千英里，向地球上幾乎任何一處目標投放一枚熱核炸彈。根據某一項政府估算，每架服役的B-2轟炸機的開發和部署花費了美國空軍21億美元。

Clearly, very few countries have the money or the technology to invent such weapons systems. There are also very few occasions on which such weapons can be used (God willing). The US therefore remains dominant in what it terms its first and second offset strategies: clear supremacy in nuclear weapons and precision-guided missiles. But although such technologies remain necessary to offset the challenges of rival powers, they are no longer sufficient in our rapidly changing world.

顯然，沒有幾個國家擁有發明這種武器系統的財力或技術。能夠用上這種武器的場合也很少（但願如此）。因此，美國在其所謂的第一、二次抵消戰略中仍然佔主導地位：也就是核武器和精確制導武器上的絕對優勢。但儘管這些技術對抵消競爭勢力的挑戰依然必不可少，但在我們這個瞬息萬變的世界中，僅僅擁有這些技術已經不再足夠。

Most defence spending in Nato countries still goes on crazily expensive metal boxes that you can drive, steer, or fly. But, as in so many other areas of our digital world, military capability is rapidly shifting from the visible to the invisible, from hardware to software, from atoms to bits. And that shift is drastically changing the equation when it comes to the costs, possibilities and vulnerabilities of deploying force.

北約(Nato)國家的大部分軍費支出依然流向可以駕駛、航行或者飛行的天價金屬盒子。但是，就像當今數字世界的其他許多領域一樣，軍事實力正快速地從可見範疇轉向不可見範疇，從硬體轉向軟體，從原子轉向比特。這些轉變正在戲劇性改變關於動用武力的成本、可能性和脆弱程度的等式。

Compare the expense of a B-2 bomber with the negligible costs of a terrorist hijacker or a state-sponsored hacker, capable of causing periodic havoc to another country』s banks or transport infrastructure — or even democratic elections.

與一架B-2轟炸機的花費相比，一名恐怖主義劫機者或者一名得到政府支持的黑客的花費可以忽略不計，而後者有能力時不時對另一個國家的銀行、運輸基礎設施，甚至民主選舉造成嚴重破壞。

The US has partly recognised this changing reality and in 2014 outlined a third offset strategy, declaring that it must retain supremacy in next-generation technologies, such as robotics and artificial intelligence. The only other country that might rival the US in these fields is China, which has been pouring money into such technologies too.

美國已經在一定程度上認識到這一變化的現實，並在2014年出爐了第三次抵消戰略，宣告美國必須在機器人和人工智慧(AI)等下一代技術領域保持霸主地位。在這些領域，唯一有可能成為美國對手的國家是，也在大舉投資於這些技術。

But the third offset strategy only counters part of the threat in the age of asymmetrical conflict. In the virtual world, there are few rules of the game, little way of assessing your opponent』s intentions and capabilities, and no real clues about whether you are winning or losing.

但第三次抵消戰略只能抵消不對稱衝突時代的一部分威脅。虛擬世界幾乎沒有遊戲規則，也幾乎沒有評估對手意圖和能力的辦法，甚至沒有能夠確定你在打贏還是落敗的真正線索。

Such murkiness is perfect for those keen to subvert the west』s military strength. China and Russia appear to understand this new world disorder far better than others — and are adept at turning the west』s own vulnerabilities against it.

這種混沌狀態正合那些渴望顛覆西方軍事實力的人的心意。和俄羅斯似乎遠比其他人更了解這種新世界無序狀態——並且擅長利用西方的脆弱性來做出對西方不利的事情。

Chinese strategists were among the first to map out this new terrain. In 1999 two officers in the People』s Liberation Army wrote Unrestricted Warfare in which they argued that the three indispensable 「hardware elements of any war」 — namely soldiers, weapons and a battlefield — had changed beyond recognition. Soldiers included hackers, financiers and terrorists. Their weapons could range from civilian aeroplanes to net browsers to computer viruses, while the battlefield would be 「everywhere」.

的戰略家是首批劃出這個新領域的人。1999年，兩名解放軍軍官在所著的《超限戰》(Unrestricted Warfare)中主張，任何戰爭不可或缺的三個硬體——士兵、武器和戰場——已經發生了天翻地覆的變化。士兵可以包括黑客、金融家和恐怖分子。他們的武器可以從民用飛機、網路瀏覽器到計算機病毒等，而戰場可以是任何地方。

Russian strategic thinkers have also widened their conception of force. Moscow has used traditional military hardware in recent conflicts in Georgia and Ukraine. But it has also launched cyber attacks against both countries as well as Estonia and stands accused of hacking the US presidential election.

俄羅斯戰略思想家也拓寬了他們對武力的看法。近年莫斯科在與喬治亞和烏克蘭的衝突中動用了傳統軍事裝備。但莫斯科也對這兩個國家以及愛沙尼亞發動了網路攻擊，還被指對美國總統大選發動了黑客入侵。

More broadly, it has been intensifying its KGB-derived 「dezinformatsiya」 operations as part of what Professor Mark Galeotti has called 「the weaponisation of information」. According to Dmitry Kiselyov, the Russian television anchor and Kremlin propagandist, information wars have become 「the main type of warfare」.

在整體層面，俄羅斯強化了當年克格勃(KGB)拿手的「假情報」(dezinformatsiya)行動，馬克加萊奧蒂(Mark Galeotti)教授稱之為「信息的武器化」。為克里姆林宮搖旗吶喊的俄羅斯電視主持人德米特里基謝廖夫(Dmitry Kiselyov)稱，信息戰已經成為「戰爭的主要類型」。

Rosa Brooks, a former Pentagon official, has argued that the US military is far from the ideal organisation to respond to this multiplicity of challenges. Instead, she suggests that the defence of western societies and the projection of soft power need to be rethought as a collective national purpose. 「Imagine a revamped public sector premised on the idea of universal service — an America in which every young man and woman spends a year or two in work that fosters national and global security,」 she has written.

前五角大樓官員羅莎布魯克斯(Rosa Brooks)主張，美國軍方遠非應對這種多方位挑戰的理想組織。相反，她提出防禦西方社會和投射軟實力需要被界定為一項國家集體宗旨，並據此重新思考。「想像一下以全民服役理念為前提進行的公共部門大改革——讓美國每個年輕男女都花一兩年時間投身於促進國家乃至全球安全的工作，」她寫道。

Such ambitions are academic while Donald Trump remains in the White House, committed as he is to increasing spending on old-fashioned military hardware. Besides, the Kremlin could hardly wish for a more compliant US president than one who has praised Vladimir Putin』s strong leadership, been hesitant to support Nato』s collective security and denounced the US media for peddling 「fake news」.

在唐納德川普(Donald Trump)還主宰白宮的時候，從他對於提高傳統軍事裝備支出的承諾看，這樣的抱負只能是空談。此外，克里姆林宮不可能期盼找到一個比川普更好對付的美國總統了——他曾讚揚弗拉基米爾普京(Vladimir Putin)的強勢領導、不太情願支持北約的集體安全，並且譴責美國媒體兜售「假新聞」。

In the realm of 「memetic warfare」, as it has been called, the Kremlin would already appear to have won. But before it crows too loudly, Mr Putin』s entourage may reflect that the west depends far less on any one individual or institution than Russia. The US Congress is now pushing tougher sanctions against Moscow for meddling in the presidential election.

在所謂的「迷因戰爭」的領域，克里姆林宮似乎已經取得了勝利。但在它過於自鳴得意之前，普京的親信們最好想一想這樣一點：西方對任何個人或者機構的依賴程度遠低於俄羅斯。美國國會正推動加大對俄羅斯制裁力度，以懲罰俄羅斯干涉美國大選。

Moreover, the Russian president』s domestic opponents are also adopting new strategies. Earlier this year, the opposition leader Alexei Navalny released a slickly produced video highlighting the alleged corruption of Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. It has since been watched almost 24m times on social media.

此外，俄羅斯總統的國內反對者也在採取新的策略。今年早些時候，反對派領袖阿列克謝納瓦爾尼(Alexei Navalny)發布了一段精心製作的視頻，揭露俄羅斯總理德米特里梅德韋傑夫(Dmitry Medvedev)涉嫌貪腐。該視頻上在社交媒體上被觀看近2400萬次。

No matter how well versed in the practice, authoritarian states are rapidly losing their own monopoly on the weaponisation of information.

無論多麼深諳此道，威權國家正在快速失去它們在信息武器化上的壟斷地位。

擔心在這些領域被趕超

美國力推「第三次抵消戰略」

英國《金融時報》網站8月7日刊發題為《數字時代，戰場無處不在》的文章稱，軍事實力正快速地從可見範疇轉向不可見範疇，從硬體轉向軟體，從原子轉向比特。美國已經在一定程度上認識到這一變化，並宣告要在機器人和人工智慧等下一代技術領域保持霸主地位。

文章稱，諾思羅普-格魯曼公司B-2「幽靈」是一種可怕的軍事裝備。這種隱形轟炸機能夠在不被發現的情況下飛行數千英里，向地球上幾乎任何一處目標投放一枚熱核炸彈。根據某一項政府估算，每架服役的B-2轟炸機的開發和部署花費了美國空軍21億美元（約合141億人民幣）。

▲在空中加油的美國B-2隱形戰略轟炸機

顯然，沒有幾個國家擁有發明這種武器系統的財力或技術。能夠用上這種武器的場合也很少（但願如此）。因此，美國在其所謂的第一、二次抵消戰略中仍然佔主導地位：也就是核武器和精確制導武器上的絕對優勢。然而，儘管這些技術對抵消競爭勢力的挑戰依然必不可少，但在我們這個瞬息萬變的世界中，僅僅擁有這些技術已經不再足夠。

就像當今數字世界的其他許多領域一樣，軍事實力正快速地從可見範疇轉向不可見範疇，從硬體轉向軟體，從原子轉向比特。這些轉變正在戲劇性改變關於動用武力的成本、可能性和脆弱程度的等式。

▲美國萊克蘭空軍基地網路戰中心

與一架B-2轟炸機的花費相比，一名恐怖主義劫機者或者一名得到政府支持的黑客的花費可以忽略不計，而後者有能力時不時對另一個國家的銀行、運輸基礎設施造成嚴重破壞。

美國已經在一定程度上認識到這一變化的現實，並在2014年出爐了第三次抵消戰略，宣告美國必須在機器人和人工智慧等下一代技術領域保持霸主地位。在這些領域，唯一有可能成為美國對手的國家是，也在大舉投資於這些技術。

▲江蘇省一家汽車零配件生產企業已廣泛使用機器人進行生產。（美聯社）

文章稱，但第三次抵消戰略只能抵消不對稱衝突時代的一部分威脅。虛擬世界幾乎沒有遊戲規則，也幾乎沒有評估對手意圖和能力的辦法，甚至沒有能夠確定你在打贏還是落敗的真正線索。

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