馬術教學課堂丨騎乘時的細節你注意到了嗎？（一） Have You Looked Into Details?

如果教練不能經常回顧有關騎乘和障礙的相關著作，他們便會變得陳腐，與時代脫節。

——George H. Morris

在過去的三個月里，我比以往任何時候都更廣泛地參與教學，注意到某些知識點需要進一步說明。對我來說，獲取知識的最佳途徑便是讀書。

1

不僅是為美觀，也是為了保持腳踝的靈活性，同時為了更好地保持腳後跟下沉，腳蹬蹬鐵都應該在腳掌球節下。腳蹬應該呈對角線與腳掌骨貼合（蹬的外緣在前），小腳趾恰好碰到蹬的外緣。最好是用摩擦力強的重型腳蹬(沒有鉸鏈）。

2

蹬帶的長度

越是優秀的騎手，越能夠根據訓練內容適應相應長度的腳蹬。初級騎手應保持一個普遍適用的蹬帶長度，滿足騎乘與障礙訓練需求。中級騎手應該有所區別，跳障礙時蹬帶大約比平地訓練收短一扣。資深騎手應該能夠根據其跳躍障礙的高度調整2到4個扣。有很多人懶於做這些，最終發展成了「椅式」騎座。

3

騎乘或跳障礙最重要的便是保持腳後跟向下。以便保障我們在馬鞍上的穩定和獨立，若需要，還會為我們提供強大的腿部粘合力。鬆弛的小腿肌肉對騎馬毫無用途。為了能學會保持腳後跟向下，每一位騎手最好都花些時間訓練自己懸挂或站在腳蹬上（兩點式接觸）。這只是正確地分配體重。若學員蹬帶太長，屁股離不開鞍子，那他們永遠不會腳後跟向下。

4

基礎支撐

在長蹬狀態下做較慢的工作時，騎手的胯部和坐骨是接近鞍前的。這不僅是因為馬匹的背部要比腰部強壯，而且還是因為騎手可以通過馬鞍和下背保持與馬匹運動的一致性。當然在短蹬狀態下做較快的工作時，臀部要向鞍子後部移動。

5

上半身

在做立定以及向後的動作時，騎手的上半身是稍稍在垂直線之前的，這是為馬匹運動起來做準備。在做壓浪和跑步時，騎手的上半身在垂直線之前約5º；在做輕快步，奔跑及跳障礙時，騎手的上半身在垂直線前約30º。這是我們在馬匹不同步態下基本的騎座要求。當然，有特殊需要我們可以變換向前或向後移動（滯后運動）。

6

手的位置

多數情況下，我們騎馬時，手肘與馬嘴部應該在同一條直線上。這就是說，騎一匹高抬頭的馬我們要抬高手的位置才行。為炫耀一匹獵狐馬，我們破壞了這一規則，將手低於馬嘴的位置而將手隱藏。而對於一匹「老是停下來」的馬匹，最好的方法是手的位置高於馬的嘴部（折線），這樣就可以抑制它低頭。現今，很多人騎乘時錯誤地將手放得太低，同時搓韁，枉自通過錯誤和痛苦的方式讓馬匹授銜。如果想讓馬兒把頭低下來（授銜），最好是將手的位置抬高，雙手靠攏，然後等待你的馬兒回應。說起來容易做起來難。

7

扶助

馬匹要在騎手雙腿的輔助下向前運動。然而雙腿中，內方腿是主導，更強有力。馬匹必須能夠在騎手的雙手扶助下收回來，然而，外方手是佔主導地位且更強有力的。如果按此方式進行訓練，會讓整匹馬變得更好、更快、更強壯。

Have You Looked Into Details ?

I』ve been teaching extensively the past three months, it seems more than ever, and there are some points I've noticed that need clarification. Unless teachers review the classics of riding and jumping literature on a regular basis, they will become stale and fall prey to fashions and fads .For me the great supplement to knowledge is reading books.

STIRRUP POSITION

Not only for aesthetics, but also for ankle flexibility and in order to better keep the heels down, the stirrup iron belongs on the ball of the foot, the stirrup diagonally on the foot (outside branch leading), and the little toes touching the outside branch. It's preferable to have a heavy-duty iron (no hinged stirrups) with stirrup pads that grip.

STIRRUP LENGTH

The better the rider, the more range he must have in length of stirrup according to what he is doing. Elementary riders should stick to an all- purpose length of iron ,suitable for riding and jumping. Intermediate riders should have a slight differentiation , say a hole longer for flat work than for jumping. Advanced riders could have a spread of from two to four holes, depending on the height of the fences they're jumping. Most people are lazy about this and, as a consequence, develop a"chair"seat.

HEELS DOWN

To keep one's heels down is of the utmost importance in riding and jumping. It provides us with all important security in the saddle and with an independent and, if need be, a strong leg grip. Slack calf muscles are useless on a horse. In order to learn to keep the heels down, it's good for every rider to spend some of the time in suspension or standing in the stirrups (two-point contact). It's simply the correct distribution of weight. If people ride too long in their irons and never get out of the saddle, they will never get their heels down.

BASE OF SUPPORT

The crotch and seat bones belong near the front of the saddle for slow work with longer stirrups. Not only is the horse's back stronger than his loins, but this also enables the rider to follow the horse's movement through the seat and lower back. Of course for fast work with shorter stirrups, the buttocks shift more toward the back of the saddle.

UPPER BODY

The upper body at the standstill and for backing is imperceptibly in front of the vertical, ready to be with the horse when he moves off. At the sitting trot and the canter only about 5 degrees in front of the vertical ; for posting the trot, galloping, and jumping about 30 degrees in front of the vertical. That is our basic, median position at the different gaits. Of course, for special needs we can shift to the front or but move over to the rear (behind the motion).

HANDS

Most of the time we should ride with a straight line from the elbow to the horse's mouth. That is to say with a "star-gazer"(high-headed horse) we ride with higher hands. In showing off a hunter we ride with a broken line below the mouth (low hands) to hide the hands. It's best to ride a 「stopper」with a broken line above the mouth so he can't drop his head.

Today many people mistakenly ride with too low a hand and "sawing" hands, vainly trying to lower a horse's head the wrong and painful way. In order to lower a horse's head, it's best to raise the hands, close the hands, and wait for the horse. Easier said than done.

AIDS

The horse must move forward from both legs of the rider. However, the inside leg is dominant, stronger. The horse must come back from both hands, the outside one being dominant or stronger. If practiced in this way, It affects the whole horse better, quicker, stronger.

未完待續

George H. Morris:美國著名的馬術騎手、教練和裁判員，曾任美國場地障礙國家馬術隊領隊及總教練。1960年羅馬奧運會代表美國隊獲團體銀牌。數十次國家冠軍隊成員，贏得過傳統大賽德國亞琛及加拿大卡爾加里的冠軍。14歲就成為最年輕的美國國家隊冠軍。2006年FEI世界馬術大會個人和團體銀牌，曾帶領美國隊獲得2004年雅典奧運會和2008年北京奧運會團體金牌。他的學生遍及世界各地，取得過不計其數的世界馬術障礙賽冠軍，其中包括著名的美國騎手 Beezie Madden 和德國騎手 Meredith Michaels-Beerbaum。Morris 還曾被英國馬術雜誌《馬術師實踐》譽為世紀騎手，深受馬術圈內人士的敬重。

本篇文章由2006—2008北京奧組委馬術項目主管 Michelle 編譯，旨在將 George Morris 的先進教學經驗介紹給馬業同仁和關注馬術文化的大眾，原刊載於《馬術》雜誌2012年8月刊。

文/ George H. Morris

圖/依米影像、網路

本文已獲得George H. Morris先生授權編譯。

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