全集 | 八大山人：獨步古今的藝術大師

在江西文化史上，隱逸著一位亦僧亦道、亦畫亦詩的人物，他的名號三百多年來為世人驚嘆不已。他就是開一代畫風，獨步古今的藝術大師，八大山人——朱耷。

八大山人，名朱耷(1626—約1705)，江西南昌人，明末清初畫家、書法家，畫一代宗師。清初畫壇「四僧」之一。為明寧獻王朱權九世孫，明滅亡后，國毀家亡，心情悲憤，落髮為僧，法名傳綮，字刃庵。又用過雪個、個山、個山驢、驢屋、人屋、道朗等號，后又入青雲譜為道。通常稱他為朱耷，晚年取八大山人號並一直用到去世。其於畫作上署名時，常把「八大」和「山人」豎著連寫。前二字又似「哭」字，又似「笑」字，而後二字則類似「之」字，哭之笑之即哭笑不得之意。他一生對明忠心耿耿，以明朝遺民自居，不肯與清合作。

他的作品往往以象徵手法抒寫心意，如畫魚、鴨、鳥等，皆以白眼向天，充滿倔強之氣。是朱耷自我心態的寫照。畫山水，多取荒寒蕭疏之景，剩山殘水，仰塞之情溢於紙素，可謂「墨點無多淚點多，山河仍為舊山河」，「想見時人解圖畫，一峰還寫宋山河」，可見朱耷寄情於畫，以書畫表達對舊王朝的眷戀。朱耷筆墨特點以放任恣縱見長，蒼勁圓秀，清逸橫生，不論大幅或小品，都有渾樸酣暢又明朗秀健的風神。章法結構不落俗套，在不完整中求完整。朱耷的繪畫對後世影響極大。

朱耷擅花鳥、山水，其花鳥承襲陳淳、徐渭寫意花鳥畫的傳統。發展為闊筆大寫意畫法，其特點是通過象徵寓意的手法，並對所畫的花鳥、魚蟲進行誇張，以其奇特的形象和簡練的造型，使畫中形象突出，主題鮮明，甚至將鳥、魚的眼睛畫成「白眼向人」，以此來表現自己孤傲不群、憤世嫉俗的性格，從而創造了一種前所未有的花鳥造型。

其畫筆墨簡樸豪放、蒼勁率意、淋漓酣暢，構圖疏簡、奇險，風格雄奇朴茂。他的山水畫初師董其昌，后又上窺黃公望、倪瓚，多作水墨山水，筆墨質樸雄健，意境荒涼寂寥。亦長於書法，擅行、草書，宗法王羲之、王獻之、顏真卿、董其昌等，以禿筆作書，風格流暢秀健。

註：以下標有英文註釋的為弗利爾美術館藏品

Lotus and Ducks 荷花雙鳧圖 (軸)

MAKER(S)：Artist: Bada Shanren (Zhu Da) 八大山人 (朱耷) (1626-1705)
Colophon: Colophon by Wu Changshuo 吳昌碩 (1844-1927)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,ca. 1696

MEDIUM：Hangingscroll; ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：185.0 x 95.8cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,1700

MEDIUM：Hangingscroll; ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：173.7 x 92.6cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang

Two Geese 雙雁圖 (軸)

MAKER(S)：Artist: Bada Shanren (Zhu Da) 八大山人 (朱耷) (1626-1705)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,ca. 1700

MEDIUM：Hangingscroll; ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：184.1 x 90.6cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang.

Small Birds, Bamboo and Rocks 竹石小鳥圖 (軸)

MAKER(S)：Artist: Bada Shanren (Zhu Da) 八大山人 (朱耷) (1626-1705), Addition and two colophonsby Zhang Daqian (Chang Dai-chien) (China, 1899-1983)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,1692

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：270.8 x 93.7cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang.

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,1699

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：164.0 x 90.6cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang.

MAKER(S)：Artist: Bada Shanren (Zhu Da) 八大山人 (朱耷) (1626-1705)，Calligrapher: Ye Dehui (1864-1927)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,ca. 1698

MEDIUM：Hangingscroll, ink and color on paper

DIMENSION(S)：112.4 x 43.4cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang.

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,ca. 1699?

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：87.3 x 44.2 cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang

Flowers and Calligraphy 玉簪花圖並草書節錄姜夔《續書譜》 (冊頁兩開裱軸)

TYPE：Hanging scroll(2 album leaves)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,1702-04

MEDIUM：Two albumleaves mounted as one hanging scroll; ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：30.1 x 34.2 cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang.

Lotus 荷花圖 (冊･八頁)

TYPE：Album (8leaves)

MAKER(S)：Artist: Bada Shanren (Zhu Da) 八大山人 (朱耷) (1626-1705)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,ca. 1665

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：25.4 x 33.6 cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang

Falling Flower 落花圖 (冊頁)

TYPE：Album leaf

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,ca. 1692

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：22.5 x 28.5 cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang

Buddha's Hand Citron 佛手圖 (冊頁)

TYPE：Album leaf

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,ca. 1692

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：22.7 x 28.6 cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang.

Hibiscus 芙蓉圖 (冊頁)

TYPE：Album leaf

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,ca. 1692

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：22.6 x 28.6 cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang.

Lotus Pod 蓮蓬圖 (冊頁)

TYPE：Album leaf

Lilac and Calligraphy 丁香花圖并行草題跋 (兩冊頁)

TYPE：Album leaves

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,ca. 1690

MEDIUM：Two albumleaves; ink and color on paper

DIMENSION(S)：20.1 x 14.6 cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang

Landscape

TYPE：Hanging scroll

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,ca. 1690

MEDIUM：Ink and coloron paper

DIMENSION(S)：149.1 x 64.1cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang

Copy of Landscapes by Dong Qichang 撫董其昌《臨古山水》 (冊頁)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,ca. 1697

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：31.1 x 24.7 cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang

Landscape after Ni Zan and calligraphy in standard script 倣倪迂山水並楷書題跋 (冊頁)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,ca. 1703-05

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：25.1 x 32.3 cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang

Combined Album of Painting and Calligraphy 書畫合冊 (九頁)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,ca. 1693 and 1696

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：25.4 x 17.1 cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang

Scriptureof the Inner Radiances of the Yellow Court in running-standard script 行楷書《黃庭內景經》四節 (冊･十二頁)

TYPE：Album (12 leaves)

MAKER(S)：Artist: Bada Shanren (Zhu Da) 八大山人 (朱耷)(1626-1705)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty, 1684

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：22.0 x 11.7 cm

CREDIT LINE：Purchase -- fundsprovided by the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation in honor of the75th Anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art.

Copyof the "Half-Stele of Xingfu Temple" in running-standard script 行楷臨《興福寺半截碑》 (冊･廿頁)

TYPE：Album (20 leaves)

MAKER(S)：Artist: Bada Shanren (Zhu Da) 八大山人 (朱耷)(1626-1705), Colophon by Tang Yunsong (jinshi 1840)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty, 1699

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：25.3 x 8.8 cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest from thecollection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. Shao F.Wang

Poemby Bai Juyi in running-cursive script 行草書白居易《北窗三友詩》 (三頁)

TYPE：Album leaves(three)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty, 1700

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：31.4 x 23.5 cm

CREDIT LINE：Purchase -- fundsprovided by the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation in honor of the75th Anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art.

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty, ca.1702-1705

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：32.0 x 42.6 cm

CREDIT LINE：Purchase -- fundsprovided by the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation in honor of the75th Anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art.

Poemby Geng Wei in cursive script 草書耿湋《題清源寺詩》 (軸)

MAKER(S):Artist： BadaShanren (Zhu Da) 八大山人 (朱耷) (1626-1705)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty, ca.1699

MEDIUM：Hanging scroll; inkon paper

DIMENSION(S)：154.8 x 75.1 cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest from thecollection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. Shao F.Wang.

Excerptfrom "Preface to the Gathering at the River" in running-standardscript 行楷書《臨河集序》 (冊頁)

TYPE：Album leaf

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty, ca.1697

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：26.2 x 19.0 cm

CREDIT LINE：Purchase -- fundsprovided by the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation in honor of the75th Anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art.

Poemby Han Yu in running-standard script 行楷節錄韓愈《送李願歸盤谷序》 (冊頁)

TYPE：Album leaf

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty, ca.1697

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：26.2 x 19.2 cm

CREDIT LINE：Purchase -- fundsprovided by the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation in honor of the75th Anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art.

Poemby Sun Ti in running-standard script 行楷書孫逖《奉和李右相中書壁畫山水詩》 (冊頁)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty, ca.1697

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：26.2 x 19.1 cm

CREDIT LINE：Purchase -- fundsprovided by the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation in honor of the75th Anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art.

Poemby Du Fu in running-standard script 行楷書杜甫《戲題王宰畫山水圖歌詩》 (冊頁)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty, ca.1697

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：26.1 x 19.2 cm

CREDIT LINE：Purchase -- fundsprovided by the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation in honor of the75th Anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art.

Poemby Zhang Jiuling in running-standard script 行楷書張九齡《題畫山水障詩》 (冊頁)

Poemby Yan Fang in running-standard script 行楷臨王寵書閻防《夕次鹿門山作詩》 (冊頁)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty, ca.1697

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：30.0 x 34.3 cm

CREDIT LINE：Purchase -- fundsprovided by the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation in honor of the75th Anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art.

Poemby Zeng Gong in running-standard script 行楷書曾鞏《山水屏詩》 (冊頁)

TYPE：Album leaves (two)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty, ca.1697

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：26.0 x 51.6 cm

CREDIT LINE：Purchase -- fundsprovided by the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation in honor of the75th Anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art.

Landscapeafter Dong Yuan 仿北苑山水圖 (冊頁)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty, ca.1693

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：26.5 x 14.3 cm

CREDIT LINE：Purchase -- fundsprovided by the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation in honor of the75th Anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art.

Excerptfrom the "Preface to the Sacred Teachings" in running-standard script行楷節臨褚遂良書《聖教序》 (冊頁)

TangPoem in running-cursive script 行草書唐詩

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,1702-03

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：274.2 x 61.2 cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest from thecollection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. Shao F.Wang.

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,1702-03

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：274.4 x 61.2cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang.

Tang Poem in running-cursive script 行草書唐詩

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,1702-03

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：274.1 x 61.3cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang.

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty,1702-03

MEDIUM：Ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：274.1 x 61.1cm

CREDIT LINE：Bequest fromthe collection of Wang Fangyu and Sum Wai, donated in their memory by Mr. ShaoF. Wang.

Coupletin running script 行書五言對聯

TYPE：Hanging scrolls(pair)

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S)：Qing dynasty, ca.1702

MEDIUM：Pair of hangingscrolls; ink on paper

DIMENSION(S)：140.8 x 30.4 cm

CREDIT LINE：Purchase -- fundsprovided by the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation in honor of the75th Anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art.